3 September 30, 2015
1. Firas Rashad Al-Samarai, Abdulkareem A. Al-Kazaz
Molecular Markers: an Introduction and Applications
European Journal of Molecular Biotechnology, 2015, Vol.(9), Is. 3, pp. 118-130.
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2. Ignat Ignatov, Oleg MosinEuropean Journal of Molecular Biotechnology, 2015, Vol.(9), Is. 3, pp. 118-130.
Abstract:
The dramatic development of molecular genetics has laid the groundwork for genomics. It has introduced new generations of molecular markers for use in the genetic improvement of farm animals. These markers provide more accurate genetic information and better understanding of the animal genetic resources. Scientists, unfamiliar with the different molecular techniques tend to get lost as each has its own advantages and disadvantages. This review represents a trail to shade alight on the different types of molecular markers by introducing a brief summary on the development of genetic markers including both the classical genetic markers and more advanced DNA-based molecular markers. This review could be helpful to better understand the characteristics of different genetic markers and the genetic diversity of animal genetic resources.
The dramatic development of molecular genetics has laid the groundwork for genomics. It has introduced new generations of molecular markers for use in the genetic improvement of farm animals. These markers provide more accurate genetic information and better understanding of the animal genetic resources. Scientists, unfamiliar with the different molecular techniques tend to get lost as each has its own advantages and disadvantages. This review represents a trail to shade alight on the different types of molecular markers by introducing a brief summary on the development of genetic markers including both the classical genetic markers and more advanced DNA-based molecular markers. This review could be helpful to better understand the characteristics of different genetic markers and the genetic diversity of animal genetic resources.
Number of views: 4404 Download in PDF
Possible Processes for Origin of First Chemoheterotrophic Microorganisms with Modeling of Physiological Processes of Bacterium Bacillus subtilis as a Model System in 2H2O
European Journal of Molecular Biotechnology, 2015, Vol.(9), Is. 3, pp. 131-155.
Number of views: 2557 Download in PDF
3. Oleg Mosin, Ignat IgnatovEuropean Journal of Molecular Biotechnology, 2015, Vol.(9), Is. 3, pp. 131-155.
Abstract:
We studied possible processes for origin of first chemoheterotrophic microorganisms with modeling of physiological processes of a Gram-positive chemoheterotrophic bacterium Bacillus subtilis, producer of purine ribonucleoside inosine as a model system in heavy water. The physiological influence of deuterium on the chemoheterotrophic bacterium B. subtilis was studied on a heavy water (HW) medium with a maximal concentration of 2H2O (89–90 atom% 2H). Also various suitable samples of hot mineral water and sea water derived from different sources of Bulgaria were investigated using IR- and DNES-spectroscopy. It was shown that hot alkaline mineral water with temperature from +65 0C to +95 0C and pH value from 9 to 11 is more suitable for the origination of first organic forms than other analyzed water samples. There were discussed the reactions of condensation and dehydration occurring in alkaline aqueous solutions at t = +65–95 0C and рН = 9–10, resulting in synthesis from separate molecules the larger organic molecules as short polipeptides and pyrines, as well as the possible mechanisms of the deuterium accumulation in form of H2HO in hot water. The metabolism of the bacterium B. subtilis and the resistance to deuterium was also analyzed on an evolutionary level taking into account the hydrological conditions of primodial hydrosphere and the presence of H2HO, as well as the qualitative and quantitative composition of the cellular protein, amino acids and carbohydrates on media with maximum deuterium content. It was demonstrated on the example of chemoheterotrophic bacteria that first microorganisms might have been originated in hot mineral water with Ca2+ (0.5-1.0 g/l) at t = + 65-95 0C and pH = 9–11, that is more suitable for maintenance and origin of life than other analyzed water samples.
We studied possible processes for origin of first chemoheterotrophic microorganisms with modeling of physiological processes of a Gram-positive chemoheterotrophic bacterium Bacillus subtilis, producer of purine ribonucleoside inosine as a model system in heavy water. The physiological influence of deuterium on the chemoheterotrophic bacterium B. subtilis was studied on a heavy water (HW) medium with a maximal concentration of 2H2O (89–90 atom% 2H). Also various suitable samples of hot mineral water and sea water derived from different sources of Bulgaria were investigated using IR- and DNES-spectroscopy. It was shown that hot alkaline mineral water with temperature from +65 0C to +95 0C and pH value from 9 to 11 is more suitable for the origination of first organic forms than other analyzed water samples. There were discussed the reactions of condensation and dehydration occurring in alkaline aqueous solutions at t = +65–95 0C and рН = 9–10, resulting in synthesis from separate molecules the larger organic molecules as short polipeptides and pyrines, as well as the possible mechanisms of the deuterium accumulation in form of H2HO in hot water. The metabolism of the bacterium B. subtilis and the resistance to deuterium was also analyzed on an evolutionary level taking into account the hydrological conditions of primodial hydrosphere and the presence of H2HO, as well as the qualitative and quantitative composition of the cellular protein, amino acids and carbohydrates on media with maximum deuterium content. It was demonstrated on the example of chemoheterotrophic bacteria that first microorganisms might have been originated in hot mineral water with Ca2+ (0.5-1.0 g/l) at t = + 65-95 0C and pH = 9–11, that is more suitable for maintenance and origin of life than other analyzed water samples.
Number of views: 2557 Download in PDF
Studying of Biosynthetic Pathways of 2H-labeled Purine Ribonucleoside Inosine in a Chemoheterotrophic Bacterium Bacillus subtilis B-3157 by FAB Mass-Spectrometry
European Journal of Molecular Biotechnology, 2015, Vol.(9), Is. 3, pp. 156-173.
Number of views: 2250 Download in PDF
4. Yuliya A. Shatyr, Alexander M. Bondarev, Valery V. Novochadov, Alexander B. MulikEuropean Journal of Molecular Biotechnology, 2015, Vol.(9), Is. 3, pp. 156-173.
Abstract:
This paper deals with studying biosynthetic pathways of 2H-labeled purine ribonucleoside inosine excreted into liquid microbial culture (LC) by Gram-positive chemoheterotrophic bacterium Bacillus subtilis B-3157 while growing of this bacterium on heavy water (HW) medium with 2% (v/v) hydrolysate of deuterated biomass of the methylotrophic bacterium Brevibacterium methylicum B-5662 as a source of 2H-labeled growth substrates. Isolation of 2H-labeled inosine from LC was performed by adsorption/desorption on activated carbon with following extraction by 0,3 M ammonium–formate buffer (pH = 8,9), crystallization in 80% (v/v) EtOH, and ion exchange chromatography (IEC) on a column with AG50WX 4 cation exchange resin equilibrated with 0,3 M ammonium–formate buffer and 0,045 M NH4Cl. The investigation of deuterium incorporation into the inosine molecule by FAB method demonstrated incorporation of 5 deuterium atoms into the molecule (the total level of deuterium enrichment – 65,5 atom% 2H) with 3 deuterium atoms being included into the ribose and 2 deuterium atoms – into the hypoxanthine residue of the molecule. Three non-exchangeable deuterium atoms were incorporated into the ribose residue owing to the preservation in this bacterium the minor pathways of de novo glucose biosynthesis in 2H2O-medium. These non-exchangeable deuterium atoms in the ribose residue were originated from HMP shunt reactions, while two other deuterium atoms at C2, C8-positions in the hypoxanthine residue were synthesized from [2H]amino acids, primarily glutamine and glycine, that originated from deuterated hydrolysate. A glycoside proton at -N9-glycosidic bond could be replaced with deuterium via the reaction of СО2 elimination at the stage of ribulose-5-monophosphate formation from 3-keto-6-phosphogluconic acid with subsequent proton (deuteron) attachment at the С1-position of ribulose-5-monophosphate. Two other protons at C2(C3) and C4 positions in ribose residue could be replaced with deuterium via further enzimatic isomerization of ribulose-5-monophosphate into ribose-5-monophosphate.
This paper deals with studying biosynthetic pathways of 2H-labeled purine ribonucleoside inosine excreted into liquid microbial culture (LC) by Gram-positive chemoheterotrophic bacterium Bacillus subtilis B-3157 while growing of this bacterium on heavy water (HW) medium with 2% (v/v) hydrolysate of deuterated biomass of the methylotrophic bacterium Brevibacterium methylicum B-5662 as a source of 2H-labeled growth substrates. Isolation of 2H-labeled inosine from LC was performed by adsorption/desorption on activated carbon with following extraction by 0,3 M ammonium–formate buffer (pH = 8,9), crystallization in 80% (v/v) EtOH, and ion exchange chromatography (IEC) on a column with AG50WX 4 cation exchange resin equilibrated with 0,3 M ammonium–formate buffer and 0,045 M NH4Cl. The investigation of deuterium incorporation into the inosine molecule by FAB method demonstrated incorporation of 5 deuterium atoms into the molecule (the total level of deuterium enrichment – 65,5 atom% 2H) with 3 deuterium atoms being included into the ribose and 2 deuterium atoms – into the hypoxanthine residue of the molecule. Three non-exchangeable deuterium atoms were incorporated into the ribose residue owing to the preservation in this bacterium the minor pathways of de novo glucose biosynthesis in 2H2O-medium. These non-exchangeable deuterium atoms in the ribose residue were originated from HMP shunt reactions, while two other deuterium atoms at C2, C8-positions in the hypoxanthine residue were synthesized from [2H]amino acids, primarily glutamine and glycine, that originated from deuterated hydrolysate. A glycoside proton at -N9-glycosidic bond could be replaced with deuterium via the reaction of СО2 elimination at the stage of ribulose-5-monophosphate formation from 3-keto-6-phosphogluconic acid with subsequent proton (deuteron) attachment at the С1-position of ribulose-5-monophosphate. Two other protons at C2(C3) and C4 positions in ribose residue could be replaced with deuterium via further enzimatic isomerization of ribulose-5-monophosphate into ribose-5-monophosphate.
Number of views: 2250 Download in PDF
Virtual Screening SNP-Polymorphisms of Genes Determining the High Level of General Non-Specific Reactivity of Organism
European Journal of Molecular Biotechnology, 2015, Vol.(9), Is. 3, pp. 174-184.
Number of views: 2511 Download in PDF
5. European Journal of Molecular Biotechnology, 2015, Vol.(9), Is. 3, pp. 174-184.
Abstract:
As a result of a bioinformatic search using resources of NCBI PubMed Central, PDB, KEGG, and SNP authors have developed a database of genes associated with phenotypic manifestations of general non-specific reactivity level (GNRL). Out of 164 genes primarily relevant by search criteria for a detailed analysis there are selected 23 genes, divided into four groups: genes associated with the synthesis and reception of neurotransmitters (1); genes associated with membrane transport of electrolytes (2); genes associated with the synthesis of interleukins (3); and genes associated with certain metabolic response (4). After studying the SNP-polymorphisms annotations in the database NCBI-SNP, 10 genes and 20 SNP- polymorphisms were identified as the most likely candidates for the potential formation of phenotypic manifestations for GNRL. Further analysis of the degree of influence the conformational variability of amino acid chains in forming the secondary structure of proteins on their likely functional properties allows to select as promising the next 6 SNP: rs1851048 and rs 6777055 in the cacna2d3 gene, encoding the voltage gated Ca2+ channels; rs2562456 in znf-ld gene of zinc-containing transcriptional regulator of DNA methylation; rs6923492 and rs362962 in grm1 gene of metabotropic glutamate receptor; and rs6314 in htr2a gene, coding for serotonin receptor type 2A.
As a result of a bioinformatic search using resources of NCBI PubMed Central, PDB, KEGG, and SNP authors have developed a database of genes associated with phenotypic manifestations of general non-specific reactivity level (GNRL). Out of 164 genes primarily relevant by search criteria for a detailed analysis there are selected 23 genes, divided into four groups: genes associated with the synthesis and reception of neurotransmitters (1); genes associated with membrane transport of electrolytes (2); genes associated with the synthesis of interleukins (3); and genes associated with certain metabolic response (4). After studying the SNP-polymorphisms annotations in the database NCBI-SNP, 10 genes and 20 SNP- polymorphisms were identified as the most likely candidates for the potential formation of phenotypic manifestations for GNRL. Further analysis of the degree of influence the conformational variability of amino acid chains in forming the secondary structure of proteins on their likely functional properties allows to select as promising the next 6 SNP: rs1851048 and rs 6777055 in the cacna2d3 gene, encoding the voltage gated Ca2+ channels; rs2562456 in znf-ld gene of zinc-containing transcriptional regulator of DNA methylation; rs6923492 and rs362962 in grm1 gene of metabotropic glutamate receptor; and rs6314 in htr2a gene, coding for serotonin receptor type 2A.
Number of views: 2511 Download in PDF